LIFE PROCESSES

LIFE PROCESSES  

All the plants and animals (including human beings ) are alive or living things.

The most important test to decide whether something is alive or not is the movement. the movements in most of the animals are highly and can be observed easily but the movement in plants are usually slow and observed with difficulty.

frog move when it jump into a pond, 

All animals can transfers from one place to another or they can move there body parts. For exp a frog move when it jump into a pond, a bird move when it flies in the sky, an athlete moves when he runs.

bird move when it flies in the sky

The plants are fixed in the soil at a place, so they cannot move like animals from like from place to place. The plants can only move some parts of there body such as leaves, flowers, shoots and roots. The plant parts move towards a upgrade such as sunlight, gravity or water, etc. for example, the shoot, the leaves and flower of a sunflower plants move by bending towards the sun so as to face the sunlight. The leaves of a mimosa pudica plant  (sensitive plant) move folding up when touched with a finger. Plants also show movement by growing their root and shoots bigger.

What is life process

The basic work performed by living organisms to handle their life on this earth are called life processes. Nutrition and respiration; Transport and Excretion; Control and Coordination ; Growth; Movement and Reproduction.

ENERGY IS REQUIREMENT FOR THE LIFE PROCESSES

They get this energy from food. Food is work as a kind of fuel which provides energy to all living organisms. The energy requirement by an organism comes from the food that the organism eats.

Now start with nutrition

NUTRITION

FOOD is an organic substance. The effortless food is glucose. It is also called simple sugar. A more difficult food is starch. Starch is made from glucose. The common name of substance like glucose (sugar ) and starch is ‘carbohydrates’. Carbohydrates are the most general food for getting energy. Fat and proteins are also foods. Definition of food, however also include mineral salts, vitamins and water which are need and utilizing it is called nutrition.

TOOLS OF NUTRATION        

Nutrition

There are two tools of nutrition;

1 Autotrophic, and

2 Heterotrophic.

1 Autotrophic tool of Nutrition

   The word ‘auto’ means ‘self’ and ‘trophe’ means ‘nutrition’. that means ‘self nutrition’. Autotrophic nutrition is that tools of nutrition in which an organisms make its own food from the easy inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water present in the surroundings (with the help of sunlight energy ).the green plants have an Autotrophic mode of nutrition.

The Autotrophic organisms implant the green pigment called chlorophyll which is able of catch sunlight energy.

2 Heterotrophic tool of nutrition

Heteros means others and trope refer to nutrition that means nutrition get from others. Heterotrophic nutrition is that tools of nutrition in which an organisms cannot made its own food from simple inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water and depends on other organisms for its food. Animals have a Heterotrophic mode of nutrition. the non-green plants (like yeast) are also Heterotrophs.

NUTRITION IN PLANTS

THE proceeds by which green plants make their own food (like glucose ) from carbon dioxide and water by using sunlight energy in the presence of chlorophyll, is called photosynthesis.  Oxygen gas is released during photosynthesis.

  Photosynthesis

  Photosynthesis represented as

6CO2    +   6H2O   +   Light energy                                           C6H12O6  +  6O2

The process of photosynthesis takes place in the green plants. The green plant made the food by adding carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. The carbon dioxide gas need for making food is taken by the plant leaves from the air. This carbon dioxide enters the leaves through small gape in them called stomata. Water need for making food is taken from soil. This water is carry to the leaves from the soil through the roots and stem. The sunlight given energy needed to pass out the chemical reaction include in the preparation of food. The green pigment called chlorophyll present in green leaves helps in taking energy from sunlight. Oxygen gas is produced as a by- product during the making of food by photosynthesis. The oxygen gas goes into the air.

The food prepared by the green leaves of a plant is in the form of a simple sugar called glucose. This glucose food made in the leaves is then transfer to the different part of plants. The remain glucose is changed into another food called starch.this starch is stored in the leaves of the plant.

NUTRITION IN ANIMALS

Animals make their food from plants or other animals

Animals cannot made their own food, they depend on readymade food. This readymade food from plants or from other animals. Human beings are also animals. We get the food like wheat, rice pulses fruits and vegetables from plants. And the food like milk, curd, cheese and eggs are get from animals. Some people also eat meat, chicken and fish as food. Even some of the plants can eat insects. Venus fly- trap is one such plant.

All the animals can be separate into three groups on the basis of food habitsare;

1 Herbivores,

2 Carnivores

3 Omnivores

1 herbivores
    

 herbivores

Those animals which eat only plants are called herbivores. The herbivores may eat grasses, leaves, grains, fruits or the bark of trees. Herbivores are; goat, cow sheep deer camel ass monkey squirrel and rabbit.

2 Carnivores; those animals which eat only other animals as food are called carnivores. There are Lion, Tiger ,Frog, Lizard, Wolf, Snake and Hawk.

Carnivores

3 Omnivores; those animals which eat both plants and animals, are called omnivores. Omnivores are Man ( human beings) ,dog, crow, sparrow, bear and ant. Omnivores are plant eater as well as meat eaters.

Omnivores

Nutrition in human beings

(Human digestive system)

(Human digestive system)

The different organs of the human digestive system in sequence are : Mouth, Oesophagus  (food pipe ), Stomach, Small intestine and Large intestine. The glands which are companion with the human digestive system and form a part of the human digestive system are : Salivary glands, liver and pancreas.

1 Ingestion

The human being have a special organ for the ingestion of food. It is called mouth. So, in human beings, food is ingested by the mouth. The food is take into the mouth with the help of hands.

2 Digestion

 In human beings the digestion of food begins in the mouth itself. In fact the digestion of food starts as soon as we put food in our mouth. The become as follows: the mouth cavity contains teeth, tongue, and salivary glands. The teeth cut the food into small pieces, chew and grind it. The teeth help in physical digestion. salivary glands help in chemical digestion by secreting enzymes. The gastric juice contain three substance: hydrochloric acid, the enzyme pepsin and mucus. The enzyme pepsin begin the digestion of protein present in food to form smaller molecules. From the stomach, the paretially digested food enters the small intestine.

The small intestine in human beings is the site of complete digestion of food (like proteins, carbohydrates and fats).

The small intestine receive the secretion of two glands Liver and Pancreas.

The walls of small intestine contain glands which secrete intestinal juice. the chemical digestion of food is brought about by biological catalysts called enzymes.

3 Absorption

After digestion the molecules of food become so tiny that they can pass by the walls of the small intestine and go into our blood. This process called absorption. The small intestine is especially adapted for absorbing the digested food. The inner surface of small intestine has millions of small, finger- like projections called villi.the presence of villi gives the inner walls of small intestine a very large surface area.

4. Assimilation 

   The blood transfer digested and dissolved food to all the parts of the body where  it becomes assimilated as part of the cells. This assimilated food is used through the body cells for obtaining energy as well as for growth and repair of the body. The power is released through the oxidation of assimilated food in the cells during respiration. The digestive food which is not used through our body immediately is store in the liver in the form of a carbohydrate called glycogen.this stored glycogen can be used as a power through the body when it is need.

5. Egestion

 A part of food which we  eat but cannot be digested by our body. This undigested food cannot be absorbed in the small intestine. So, the undigested food transfer from the small intestine into a wider tube called large intestine. The walls of large intestine absorb most of the water from the undigested food. Due to this, the undigested part of food becomes almost solid. The last part of t5he large intestine called ‘rectum’ stores this undigested food for some time. And when we go to thje toilet, then this undige3sted food is transferred out from our body through anus as  faeces or ‘stool’. The act of expelling the faeces is called egestion or defecation. The exit of faeces is controlled by the anal sphincter.
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